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Yamaha MCR-750 Black [61/65] About international components for unicode

vii

Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34 no. 4), pp. 30-44.

(Adjacent articles in that issue discuss MPEG motion picture compression, applications

of JPEG, and related topics.) If you don’t have the CACM issue handy, a PostScript file

containing a revised version of Wallace’s article is available at http://www.ijg.org/files/

wallace.ps.gz. The file (actually a preprint for an article that appeared in IEEE Trans.

Consumer Electronics) omits the sample images that appeared in CACM, but it

includes corrections and some added material. Note: the Wallace article is copyright

ACM and IEEE, and it may not be used for commercial purposes.

A somewhat less technical, more leisurely introduction to JPEG can be found in “The

Data Compression Book” by Mark Nelson and Jean-loup Gailly, published by M&T

Books (New York), 2nd ed. 1996, ISBN 1-55851-434-1. This book provides good

explanations and example C code for a multitude of compression methods including

JPEG. It is an excellent source if you are comfortable reading C code but don’t know

much about data compression in general. The book’s JPEG sample code is far from

industrial-strength, but when you are ready to look at a full implementation, you’ve got

one here...

The best currently available description of JPEG is the textbook “JPEG Still Image

Data Compression Standard” by William B. Pennebaker and Joan L. Mitchell,

published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0-442-01272-1. Price US$59.95,

638 pp. The book includes the complete text of the ISO JPEG standards (DIS 10918-1

and draft DIS 10918-2).

Although this is by far the most detailed and comprehensive exposition of JPEG

publicly available, we point out that it is still missing an explanation of the most

essential properties and algorithms of the underlying DCT technology.

If you think that you know about DCT-based JPEG after reading this book, then you are

in delusion. The real fundamentals and corresponding potential of DCT-based JPEG are

not publicly known so far, and that is the reason for all the mistaken developments

taking place in the image coding domain.

The original JPEG standard is divided into two parts, Part 1 being the actual

specification, while Part 2 covers compliance testing methods. Part 1 is titled “Digital

Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images, Part 1: Requirements and

guidelines” and has document numbers ISO/IEC IS 10918-1, ITU-T T.81. Part 2 is

titled “Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images, Part 2:

Compliance testing” and has document numbers ISO/IEC IS 10918-2, ITU-T T.83.

The JPEG standard does not specify all details of an interchangeable file format. For the

omitted details we follow the “JFIF” conventions, revision 1.02. A copy of the JFIF

spec is available from:

Literature Department

C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.

1778 McCarthy Blvd.

Milpitas, CA 95035

phone (408) 944-6300, fax (408) 944-6314

A PostScript version of this document is available at http://www.ijg.org/files/jfif.ps.gz.

There is also a plain text version at http://www.ijg.org/files/jfif.txt.gz, but it is missing

the figures.

The TIFF 6.0 file format specification can be obtained by FTP from ftp://ftp.sgi.com/

graphics/tiff/TIFF6.ps.gz. The JPEG incorporation scheme found in the TIFF 6.0 spec

of 3-June-92 has a number of serious problems. IJG does not recommend use of the

TIFF 6.0 design (TIFF Compression tag 6). Instead, we recommend the JPEG design

proposed by TIFF Technical Note #2 (Compression tag 7). Copies of this Note can be

obtained from http://www.ijg.org/files/. It is expected that the next revision of the TIFF

spec will replace the 6.0 JPEG design with the Note’s design. Although IJG’s own code

does not support TIFF/JPEG, the free libtiff library uses our library to implement TIFF/

JPEG per the Note.

ARCHIVE LOCATIONS

The “official” archive site for this software is www.ijg.org. The most recent released

version can always be found there in directory “files”. This particular version will be

archived as http://www.ijg.org/files/jpegsrc.v7.tar.gz, and in Windows-compatible

“zip” archive format as http://www.ijg.org/files/jpegsr7.zip.

The JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article is a source of some general

information about JPEG. It is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.faqs.org/

faqs/jpeg-faq/ and other news.answers archive sites, including the official

news.answers archive at rtfm.mit.edu: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/

jpeg-faq/. If you don’t have Web or FTP access, send e-mail to mail-

server@rtfm.mit.edu with body

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part1

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank to Juergen Bruder of the Georg-Cantor-Organization at the Martin-Luther-

University Halle for providing me with a copy of the common DCT algorithm article,

only to find out that I had come to the same result in a more direct and comprehensible

way with a more generative approach.

Thank to Istvan Sebestyen and Joan L. Mitchell for inviting me to the ITU JPEG (Study

Group 16) meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thank to Thomas Wiegand and Gary Sullivan for inviting me to the Joint Video Team

(MPEG & ITU) meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thank to John Korejwa and Massimo Ballerini for inviting me to fruitful consultations

in Boston, MA and Milan, Italy.

Thank to Hendrik Elstner, Roland Fassauer, and Simone Zuck for corresponding

business development.

Thank to Nico Zschach and Dirk Stelling of the technical support team at the Digital

Images company in Halle for providing me with extra equipment for configuration

tests.

Thank to Richard F. Lyon (then of Foveon Inc.) for fruitful communication about JPEG

configuration in Sigma Photo Pro software.

Last but not least special thank to Thomas G. Lane for the original design and

development of this singular software package.

FILE FORMAT WARS

The ISO JPEG standards committee actually promotes different formats like JPEG-

2000 or JPEG-XR which are incompatible with original DCT-based JPEG and which

are based on faulty technologies. IJG therefore does not and will not support such

momentary mistakes (see REFERENCES). We have little or no sympathy for the

promotion of these formats. Indeed, one of the original reasons for developing this free

software was to help force convergence on common, interoperable format standards for

JPEG files. Don’t use an incompatible file format! (In any case, our decoder will remain

capable of reading existing JPEG image files indefinitely.)

TO DO

v7 is basically just a necessary interim release, paving the way for a major breakthrough

in image coding technology with the next v8 package which is scheduled for release in

the year 2010.

Please send bug reports, offers of help, etc. to jpeg-info@jpegclub.org.

■ About International Components for Unicode

ICU License - ICU 1.8.1 and later

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this

software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software

without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,

publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom

the Software is furnished to do so, provided that the above copyright notice(s) and this

permission notice appear in all copies of the Software and that both the above copyright

notice(s) and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY

KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO

EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS

NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER

RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN

ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION,

ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE

OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not be used in

advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software

without prior written authorization of the copyright holder.

All trademarks and registered trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their

respective owners.

■ About libpng

This copy of the libpng notices is provided for your convenience. In case of any

discrepancy between this copy and the notices in the file png.h that is included in the

libpng distribution, the latter shall prevail.

If you modify libpng you may insert additional notices immediately following this

sentence. This code is released under the libpng license.

libpng versions 1.2.6, August 15, 2004, through 1.2.45, July 7, 2011, are Copyright (C)

2004, 2006-2009 Glenn Randers-Pehrson, and are distributed according to the same

disclaimer and license as libpng-1.2.5 with the following individual added to the list of

Contributing Authors

Cosmin Truta

libpng versions 1.0.7, July 1, 2000, through 1.2.5 - October 3, 2002, are Copyright

disclaimer and license as libpng-1.0.6 with the following individuals added to the

list of Contributing Authors

Simon-Pierre Cadieux

Eric S. Raymond

Gilles Vollant

and with the following additions to the disclaimer:

There is no warranty against interference with your enjoyment of the library or

against infringement. There is no warranty that our efforts or the library will fulfill

any of your particular purposes or needs. This library is provided with all faults,

and the entire risk of satisfactory quality, performance, accuracy, and effort is with

the user.

libpng versions 0.97, January 1998, through 1.0.6, March 20, 2000, are Copyright (C)

1998, 1999 Glenn Randers-Pehrson, and are distributed according to the same

disclaimer and license as libpng-0.96, with the following individuals added to the list of

Contributing Authors:

Tom Lane

Glenn Randers-Pehrson

Willem van Schaik

Andreas Dilger Distributed according to the same disclaimer and license as libpng-0.88,

with the following individuals added to the list of Contributing Authors:

John Bowler

Kevin Bracey

Sam Bushell

Magnus Holmgren

Yamaha MCR-750 Black [61/65] About international components for unicode

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