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MartinLogan Logos [6/22] An electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer

Page 6

Logos User's Manual

The Electrostatic Concept

How can sound be reproduced by something that you are

able to see through? Electrostatic energy makes this

possible.

Where the world of traditional loudspeaker technology

deals with cones, domes, diaphragms and ribbons that

are moved with magnetism, the world of electrostatic

loudspeakers deals with charged electrons attracting and

repelling each other.

To fully understand the electrostatic concept, some

background information will be helpful. Remember when

you learned, in a science or physics class, that like

charges repel each other and

opposite charges attract each

other? Well, this principle is the

foundation of the electrostatic

concept.

An electrostatic transducer

consists of three pieces: the

stators, the diaphragm and the

spacers.

See Figure 1

. The

diaphragm is what actually

moves to excite the air and

create music. The stator's job is

to remain stationary, hence the

word stator, to provide a

reference point for the moving

diaphragm. The spacers

provide the diaphragm with a

fixed distance in which to move

between the stators.

As your amplifier sends music

signals to an electrostatic

speaker, these signals are

changed into two high-voltage

signals that are equal in

strength but opposite in polarity.

These high voltage signals are

then applied to the stators. The

resulting electrostatic field,

created by the opposing high

voltage on the stators, works

simultaneously with and against

the diaphragm, consequently

moving it back and forth,

producing music. This tech-

Magnet

An Electromagnetic TransducerAn Electromagnetic Transducer

An Electromagnetic Transducer

Surround

Cone

Dust Cap

Voice Coil Former

Magnet Assembly

Magnetic GapVoice Coil

Basket Assembly

Spider

An Electrostatic TransducerAn Electrostatic Transducer

An Electrostatic Transducer

Stator

Spacer

Diaphragm

nique is known as push-pull operation and is a major

contributor to the sonic purity of the electrostatic concept

due to its exceptional linearity and low distortion.

Since the diaphragm of an electrostatic speaker is

uniformly driven over its entire area, it can be extremely

light and flexible. This allows it to be very responsive to

transients, thus perfectly tracing the music signal. As a

result, great delicacy, nuance and clarity is possible.

When you look at the problems of traditional electromag-

netic drivers, you can easily see why this is so beneficial.

The cones and domes which are used in traditional

electromagnetic drivers cannot be driven uniformly

because of their design.

Cones are driven only at the

apex. Domes are driven at

their perimeter. As a result,

the rest of the cone or dome

is just "along for the ride".

The very concept of these

drivers require that the cone

or dome be perfectly rigid,

damped and massless.

Unfortunately these condi-

tions are not available in our

world today.

To make these cones and

domes move, all electromag-

netic drivers must use voice

coils wound on formers,

spider assemblies, and

surrounds to keep the cone

or dome in position.

See

Figure 2.

These pieces, when

combined with the high mass

of the cone or dome materi-

als used, make it an ex-

tremely complex unit with

many weaknesses and

potential for failure. These

faults contribute to the high

distortion products found in

these drivers and is a

tremendous disadvantage

when you are trying to

change motion as quickly and

as accurately as a loud-

speaker must (40,000 times

per second!).

Figure 1Figure 1

Figure 1. Cut away view of an electrostatic transducer.

Notice the simplicity due to minimal parts usage.

Figure 2.Figure 2.

Figure 2. Cut away view of a typical moving coil driver.

Notice the complexity due to the high number of parts.

MartinLogan Logos [6/22] An electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer an electromagnetic transducer

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