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M-Audio PROKEYS 88 [12/16] Program bank changes explained

Program/Bank Changes Explained

The original GM or “General MIDI” speciﬁ cation allowed for only 128 voices,

numbered from 0-127. It is possible to access any of these different voices

by sending a Program Change Message.

In order to expand on the GM set of voices, Bank Changes were devised.

Each bank contains 128 patches, which can be accessed using a Program

Change. There are 16,384 banks available, each accessible by sending a

14-bit Bank Change Message. The ﬁ rst 7 bits of this message are sent in a

single byte known as the Bank LSB. The last 7 bits are speciﬁ ed by another byte known as the Bank MSB. The Bank LSB is the most

commonly used This allows for 128 Bank Changes, and often there is no need to send a Bank MSB.

You will ﬁ nd almost all MIDI devices respond to Program Change Messages, but some that do not conform to the GM set of voices

might use the Program Change Message for another purpose. Many VST or software-emulated instruments have adopted this

approach, allowing you to send a Program Change in order to change an instrument patch. The FM7 software synth by Native

Instruments is a good example of this

Bank Changes are more rarely used, although they do exist. Bank Changes are useful in many manufacturer’s built-in extensions

to the MIDI speciﬁ cation, such as Roland’s GS or Yamaha’s XG speciﬁ cations. Both of these require you to specify a Bank Change, in

order to access the extra voices and effects that these speciﬁ cations provide.

Sending Program, Bank LSB and Bank MSB data is made simple using the ProKeys 88. Simply press the Program, Data LSB or Data

MSB button and enter the Program or Bank Change you wish to send.

MIDI Clock Explained

As described above, the ProKeys 88 is able to control playback of a

sequencer when the sequencer is connected to one of the MIDI out ports.

This is achieved using MIDI Clock.

This method of synchronization is part of the GM speciﬁ cation.

The system real-time messages described below can be sent at any time.

They are assigned a high priority in the MIDI data stream to ensure timing

is maintained as accurately as possible.

Timing Clock Byte (F8h)

The Timing Clock Byte (F8h) is sent at a rate of 96 per note. So, if your ProKeys 88 has a tempo setting of 120 BPM, the timing clock

should be sent 192 times per second (2 X 96). For a tempo setting of 100 BPM, the Timing Clock Byte should be sent 160 times per

second.

Continue Byte (FBh)

When the Start Button on your ProKeys 88 is pressed, a Continue Byte (FBh) is sent, followed by a regular stream of MIDI timing

clocks (F8h). The rate at which these timing clock messages are sent is determined by tempo setting. The timing clock messages

will continue until the Stop Button is pressed.

Stop Byte (FCh)

When the Stop Button is pressed, your ProKeys 88 sends a Stop Message (FCh). If the Stop Button is pressed twice in close

succession, a SPP (Song Position Pointer) Message of 0 is sent, to reset the sequencer back to the beginning. This is achieved by

sending the SPP (F2h) followed by 0 (00h).

Troubleshooting

The ProKeys 88 has been designed to give you high performance and professional quality audio. It has been tested under a wide

range of systems and operating conditions. However, there are a virtually limitless number of operating scenarios, any of which

may affect your system’s performance. Though this section cannot cover all possible issues you may encounter, we would like to

offer you some suggestions for dealing with common problems.

We recommend that you avoid connecting too many devices to your computer at the same time. The more devices you have

connected to the computer, the greater the load on the computer’s CPU. Although it is possible in theory to chain multiple USB

devices, doing so may degrade your system’s performance.

Performance Tip #9

Edgy Bass – Try layering the Clav and E. Bass. Add

chorus to animate the sound. This combination is great

for grooving. Try layering the A. Bass and the Clav and

reducing the A. Bass volume by one third for a cool full

keyboard comping sound.

Performance Tip #10

Spacey Split – Select the FM E. Piano 2 program and

layer it with the Vibes. Transpose both of them down one

octave. Split the keyboard at B3 and assign the Warm Pad

to the left side of the program. Transpose the Warm Pad

up three octaves. Play pad chords with your left hand and

leads with your right. Try substituting the FM Piano 2

with other keyboard programs. Also, try substituting the

Warm Pad with the Strings program.

M-Audio PROKEYS 88 [12/16] Program bank changes explained

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