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Qtech QSW-2900-24T-AC Руководство пользователя онлайн [50/209] 481595
![Qtech QSW-2900-24T-AC Руководство пользователя онлайн [50/209] 481595](/views2/1596579/page50/bg32.png)
3-48
Figure 5 Forwarding
When Host A sends an Ethernet frame to Host B, as Host B is on the same LAN segment with Host A, the
bridge filters the Ethernet frame instead of forwarding it, as shown in II. Figure 6.
Figure 6 Filtering
When Host A sends an Ethernet frame to Host C, if the bridge does not find a MAC-to-interface mapping about Host
C in its bridge table, the bridge forwards the Ethernet frame to all interfaces except the interface on which the frame
was received, as shown in Figure 7.
Содержание
- Configuration manual 2
- Qsw 2900 intelligent l2 switch 2
- Content 3
- Accessing switch 13
- Chapter 1 13
- Command line configuration mode 13
- Command line interface 13
- Command syntax comprehension 14
- Domain configuration mode 14
- Following are showed when entering command line interface 14
- Input password if it is correct enter the user mode with the following prompt 14
- Note defaulted login and password is admin 123456 14
- Password 1 16 chars 14
- Please input user name press enter button and then the prompt is as following 14
- Radius configuration mode 14
- Step 1 14
- Table 1 command line configuration mode 14
- The function and details of each command mode are as following 14
- The logging in identity verification of the system console of this switch is used to verify the identity of the operating user it permits and refuses the logging in by matching recognizing user name and password 14
- This chapter describes the steps needed for command configuration please read this section and related detail information of command line interface in the following sections carefully 14
- Username 1 32 chars 14
- Cls clear screen 15
- Enable 15
- Help description of the interactive help 15
- Ping ping command 15
- Qtech config vlan 3 15
- Qtech quit 15
- Quit disconnect from switch and quit 15
- Step 2 15
- Step 3 15
- Syntax help 15
- System mode commands 15
- Command line end prompt 16
- Command symbols description 16
- Forward time config switch delaytime 16
- Hello time config switch hellotime 16
- History command 16
- Interface 16
- Max age config switch max agingtime 16
- Parameter range and form 16
- Priority config switch priority 16
- Qtech config interf 16
- Qtech config spanning tree 16
- Qtech config spanning tree forward time 16
- Second 16
- Symbols in command 16
- The command end 16
- 02 03 04 05 0 17
- Command parameter categories 17
- Integer 1 10 17
- Show spanning tree interface ethernet 0 1 ethernet 0 3 to ethernet 0 5 17
- User management 17
- Add user 18
- Change user red password success 18
- Modify password 18
- Please input user comfirm password 18
- Please input user new password 18
- Please input username red 18
- Please input you login password 18
- Qtech config username change password 18
- Qtech config username red privilege 3 password 0 1234 18
- System default user name 18
- Username change password 18
- Username username privilege level password encryption type password 18
- Modify privilege 19
- Remove user name 19
- View system user information 19
- Caution admin user only supports local database authentication 20
- Display authentication configuration 20
- Manage switch by hyper terminal 20
- Muser local radius radiusname pap chap local 20
- Red admin 20
- Remote authentication of administrator 20
- Show muser 20
- Start radius remote authentication 20
- Username 1 32 chars 20
- Ways of managing switch 20
- ____________________________________________________________ 20
- Build successfully 21
- Building please wait 21
- Manage switch by telnet 21
- Qtech copy running config startup config 21
- Qtech quit 21
- Ready to load startup config press enter to run or ctrl c to cancel 21
- Startup config in flash will be updated are you sure y n ny 21
- Step 1 21
- Step 3 21
- Step 7 21
- Step 5 22
- Chapter 2 23
- Clear startup config 23
- Configuration files management 23
- Copy running config startup config 23
- Display saved configuration 23
- Edit configuration files 23
- Erase configuration 23
- Execute saved configuration 23
- Modify and save current configuration 23
- Qtech clear startup config 23
- Qtech copy running config startup config 23
- Qtech copy startup config running config 23
- Startup config running config 23
- Switch manage and maintenance 23
- Buildrun mode continu 24
- Buildrun mode sto 24
- Configure file executing mode shift 24
- Display current configuration 24
- Online loading upgrade program 24
- Qtech buildrun mode continue 24
- Qtech buildrun mode stop 24
- Qtech show running config 24
- Qtech show running config garp oam 24
- Show running config module list 24
- Show startup config module list 24
- Upload and download files by ftp 25
- Upload and download files by tftp 25
- Download files by xmodem 26
- Load application xmodem 26
- Qtech load application ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Qtech load application xmodem 26
- Qtech load configuration ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Qtech load configuration xmodem 26
- Qtech load whole bootrom ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Qtech load whole bootrom xmodem 26
- Qtech upload alarm ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Qtech upload configuration ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Qtech upload logging ftp 192 68 00 abc user 1234 26
- Brief introduction of mac address table 27
- Configure system mac address aging time 27
- Mac address table age time agetime disable 27
- Mac address table management 27
- Mac address table management list 27
- Management 27
- No mac address table age time 27
- Qtech config mac address table age time 3600 27
- Qtech config no mac address table age time 27
- Configure mac address item 28
- Compiled time apr 09 2008 20 30 00 30
- Copyright copyright c 2001 2007 30
- Flash memory bytes 4096k 30
- Hardware version v3 30
- Mac address 00 1f ce 10 14 f1 30
- Processor arm9 180mhz 30
- Product serial number 123456789 30
- Qtech reboot 30
- Reboot 30
- Sdram bytes 32m 30
- Show cloc 30
- Show cp 30
- Show memor 30
- Show syste 30
- Show user 30
- Show usernam 30
- Show versio 30
- Show version 30
- Software platform broadband network platform software 30
- Software version qtech qsw 2900 v100r001b01d001p001sp5 30
- System maintenance 30
- Use show command to check system information 30
- Basic configuration and management 31
- Network connecting test command 31
- 192 68 00 ping statistics 32
- Administration ip address restriction 32
- Login access list web snmp telnet ip address wildcard 32
- Loopback external internal 32
- Loopback internal external 32
- Loopback test command 32
- Packets transmitted 5 packets received 0 packet loss 32
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 loopback external 32
- Qtech config loopback internal 32
- Reply from 192 68 00 bytes 32 time 10ms ttl 127 32
- Round trip ms min avg max 0 0 0 32
- Routing tracert command 33
- The number of telnet user restriction 33
- Brief introduction of snmp 34
- Cpu car command 34
- Cpu car target rate 34
- Monitor system by snmp 34
- Ms 10 ms 10 ms 192 68 34
- Ms 10 ms 30 ms 192 68 34
- No cpu car 34
- Over a maximum of 30 hops 34
- Qtech config cpu car 100 34
- Tracert complete 34
- Tracing route to 192 68 192 68 34
- Mib overview 35
- Snmp mechanism 35
- Snmp protocol version 35
- Configuration 36
- Configure community name and accessing right 36
- No snmp server community community name 36
- Snmp server community community name ro rw deny permit view view name 36
- Configure syscontact 37
- Configure trap destination host adress 37
- Configure syslocation 38
- Configure sysname 38
- No snmp server name 38
- Qtech config no snmp server host 192 68 00 user 38
- Qtech config show snmp host 38
- Qtech config snmp server host 192 68 00 version 2c user 38
- Qtech config snmp server location sample syslocation factory 38
- Qtech config snmp server name qsw 2900 38
- Show snmp host 38
- Show snmp location 38
- Snmp server location syslocation 38
- Snmp server name sysname 38
- Configure engine id 39
- Configure notify 39
- No snmp server enable traps notificationtype list 39
- No snmp server engineid local remote ip address udp port port number 39
- Qtech config snmp server enable traps gbn 39
- Qtech config snmp server engineid local 12345 39
- Qtech config snmp server engineid remote 1 udp port 888 1234 39
- Show snmp engineid local remote 39
- Snmp server enable traps notificationtype list 39
- Snmp server engineid local engineid string remote ip address udp port port number engineid string 39
- Configure group 40
- Configure view 40
- Configure user 41
- No snmp server user username remote host udp port port 41
- Qtech config no snmp server group group1 1 41
- Qtech config show snmp group 41
- Qtech config snmp server group group1 1 read internet write internet notify internet 41
- Show snmp user 41
- Snmp server user username groupname remote host udp port port auth md5 sha authpassword encrypt authpassword authpassword authpassword authkey encrypt authkey authkey authkey priv des privpassword encrypt privpassword privpassword privpassword privkey encrypt privkey privkey privkey 41
- Configuration ip address by manual operation 42
- Configure manage vlan 42
- Ipaddress ip address mask gateway 42
- Ipaddress vlan vlan id 42
- No ipaddress vlan vlan id 42
- Qtech config snmp server user user1 grp1 42
- Qtech config snmp server user user2 grp2 auth md5 auth password 1234 42
- Qtech config snmp server user user3 grp3 auth md5 auth password 1234 priv des priv password 4321 42
- System ip configuration 42
- Display ip address 43
- No bootp 43
- No dhcp 43
- Qtech config bootp 43
- Qtech config dhcp 43
- Qtech config ipaddress 192 68 00 255 55 43
- Qtech config ipaddress 192 68 00 255 55 192 68 54 43
- Qtech config no bootp 43
- Qtech config no dhcp 43
- Show ip 43
- Brief introduction of cpu alarm 44
- Cpu alarm configuration 44
- Cpu alarm configuration list 44
- Dlf forward multicast unicast 44
- Enable disable dlf forword packet 44
- Gateway 192 68 54 44
- Ip address 192 68 00 44
- Ip obtained manual 44
- Mac address 00 1f ce 47 00 00 44
- Netmask 255 55 44
- No dlf forward multicast unicast 44
- Qtech config no dlf forward multicast 44
- Qtech config no dlf forward unicast 44
- Qtech config show ip 44
- Switch configuration 44
- Configure cpu busy or unbusy threshold 45
- Display cpu alarm information 45
- Enable disable cpu alarm 45
- Anti dos attack 46
- Anti dos ip fragment maxnum 46
- Ip segment anti attack 46
- Show anti dos 46
- A maintaining the bridge table 47
- Chapter 3 47
- Introduction to bridging 47
- Major functionalities of bridges 47
- Port configuration 47
- Port configuration introduction 47
- Figure 1 host a sends an ethernet frame to host b on lan segment 1 48
- Figure 2 the bridge determines that host a is attached to interface 1 48
- Figure 7 the proper mac to interface mapping is not found in the bridge table 51
- Note when a bridge receives a broadcast or multicast frame it forwards the frame to all interfaces other than the receiving interface 51
- Port configuration 51
- Port related configuration 51
- Configure interface duplex mode and speed rate 52
- Duplex auto full half 52
- Enable disable specified interface 52
- Enter interface configuration mode 52
- Interface ethernet interface number 52
- No duplex 52
- No shutdown 52
- No speed 52
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 duplex full 52
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 no shutdown 52
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 speed 100 52
- Qtech config if ethernet 1 1 shutdown 52
- Shutdown 52
- Speed 10 10auto 100 100 auto 1000 1000 auto auto 52
- Bandwidth control ingress egress target rate 53
- Description description list 53
- Ingress egress bandwidth control configuration 53
- Interface description configuration 53
- Interface prioruty configuration 53
- No bandwidth control ingress egress 53
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 3 description red 53
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 no priority 53
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 priority 1 53
- Qtech config show description interface ethernet 0 3 53
- Enable disable interface flow control 54
- Enable disable vlan filtration of receiving packet of 54
- Flow control 54
- Ingress acceptable frame all tagged 54
- Ingress filtering 54
- Interface 54
- Interface ingress acceptable frame configuration 54
- No flow control 54
- No ingress acceptable frame 54
- No ingress filtering 54
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 flow control 54
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 ingress acceptable frame tagged 54
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 ingress filtering 54
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 no flow control 54
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 no ingress filtering 54
- Show flow control interface num 54
- No switchport mode 55
- No switchport trunk allowed vlan vlan list all 55
- No switchport trunk native 55
- Port mode configuration 55
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 switchport mode trunk 55
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 switchport trunk allowed vlan 3 4 70 150 55
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 show flow control ethernet 0 5 55
- Switchport mode trunk access 55
- Switchport trunk allowed vlan vlan list all 55
- Switchport trunk native vlan vlan id 55
- The default vlan id of trunk port configuration 55
- Trunk allowed vlan configuration 55
- Add access port to specified vlan 56
- Clear interface interface num slot num 56
- Display clear interface statistics information 56
- Display interface information 56
- No switchport access vlan vlan id 56
- Show interface interface num 56
- Show statistics interface interface num 56
- Switchport access vlan vlan id 56
- A configure mirror interface 57
- B configure mirror source interface 57
- Brief introduction of interface mirror 57
- Interface mirror 57
- Interface mirror configuration 57
- Mirror destination interface interface num 57
- Mirror source interface interface list cpu both egress ingress 57
- No mirror destination interface interface num 57
- No mirror source interface interface list cpu 57
- Qtech config mirror destination interface ethernet 0 1 57
- Qtech config mirror source interface ethernet 0 1 to ethernet 0 12 both 57
- Brief introduction of port convergence 58
- C display interface mirror 58
- Port lacp convergent configuration 58
- Qtech config no mirror source interface ethernet 0 10 to ethernet 0 12 58
- Qtech show mirror 58
- Show mirror 58
- A overview 59
- Approaches to link aggregation 59
- B port states in a manual aggregation 59
- Manual link aggregation 59
- A overview 60
- B port states in static aggregation 60
- C port configuration considerations in manual aggregation 60
- Compare the actor and partner system ids that each comprises a system lacp priority plus a system mac address as follow 60
- Compare the port ids that each comprises a port lacp priority and a port number on the system with higher id as follows 60
- Static lacp link aggregation 60
- Aggregation port group 61
- C port configuration considerations in static aggregation 61
- Channel group channel group number 61
- Channel group channel group number mode active passive on 61
- Link aggregation configuration 61
- Load sharing in a link aggregation group 61
- No channel group channel group number 61
- Qtech config channel group 0 61
- Channel group load balance dst ip dst mac src dst ip src dst mac src ip src mac 62
- Lacp port priority priority 62
- Lacp system priority priority 62
- No channel group channel group number 62
- No lacp port priority 62
- No lacp system priority 62
- Qtech config channel group load balance dst mac 62
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 lacp port priority 12345 62
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 3 channel group 3 mode active 62
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 3 no channel group 3 62
- Qtech config lacp system priority 40000 62
- Qtech config show lacp sys id 62
- Show lacp sys id 62
- Brief introduction of interface car 63
- Enable disable interface globally 63
- Interface car configuration 63
- No port car 63
- Port car 63
- Port car configuration command list 63
- Qtech show lacp internal 2 63
- Qtech show lacp neighbor 2 63
- Show lacp internal channel group number 63
- Show lacp neighbor channel group number 63
- Configure the port car rate 64
- Configure the reopen time of the port shutdown by 64
- Display port car information 64
- Enable disable interface car on interface 64
- No port car 64
- Port car 64
- Port car open time time 64
- Port car rate rate 64
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 8 port car 64
- Qtech config port car 64
- Qtech config port car open time 10 64
- Qtech config port car rate 200 64
- Alarm all packets 65
- Brief introduction of port alarm configuration 65
- Enable disable port alarm globally 65
- Enable disable port alarm on the port 65
- No alarm all packets 65
- Port alarm configuration 65
- Port alarm configuration list 65
- Qtech config alarm all packets 65
- Qtech config show port car 65
- Show port car 65
- Configure the exceed threshold and normal threshold 66
- Display port alarm 66
- Of port alarm 66
- Brief introduction of shutdown control 67
- Configure shutdown control open time 67
- Interface shutdown control configuration 67
- Interface shutdown control configuration list 67
- No shutdown control broadcast multicast unicast 67
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 8 shutdown control broadcast 100 67
- Qtech config shutdown control open time 20 67
- Shutdown control broadcast multicast unicast target rate 67
- Shutdown control configuration 67
- Shutdown control open time time 67
- Chapter 4 69
- Figure 1 a vlan diagram 69
- Introduction to vlan 69
- Vlan configuration 69
- Vlan overview 69
- Figure 2 the format of a traditional ethernet packet 70
- Figure 3 the position and the format of the vlan tag field 70
- Vlan classification 70
- Vlan fundamental 70
- Default vlan 71
- Policy based vlan 71
- Port based and 802 q vlan 71
- Port link type 71
- Vlan interface 71
- Caution supervlan is only supported in the qsw 3900 please refer to the 72
- Http www qtech ru 72
- Isolate user vlan 72
- Super vlan 72
- Default vlan 73
- Figure 1 73
- Vlan configuration 73
- Vlan configuration list 73
- Vlan interface type 73
- Add delete vlan interface 74
- Create delete vlan 74
- No switchport interface list all 74
- No vlan vlan list all 74
- Qtech config if vlan no switchport ethernet 0 3 to ethernet 0 5 ethernet 0 8 74
- Qtech config if vlan switchport ethernet 0 1 ethernet 0 3 to ethernet 0 5 ethernet 0 8 74
- Switchport interface list all 74
- Vlan vlan list 74
- Configure interface default vlan id 75
- Configure interface type 75
- Configure tag vlan 75
- Description string 75
- No description 75
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 switchport access vlan 2 75
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 switchport mode access 75
- Qtech config if vlan description market 75
- Qtech config if vlan no description 75
- Specify restore vlan description 75
- Switchport access vla 75
- Switchport trunk native vla 75
- Tag vlan vlan list 75
- Brief introduction of gvrp 76
- Display vlan information 76
- Gvrp configuration 76
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 tag vlan 5 7 10 76
- Qtech config show vlan 2 76
- Show vlan vlan id 76
- A garp application entity may send leaveall messages at the interval set by its leaveall timer or the leaveall timer on another device on the network whichever is smaller this is because each time a device on the network receives a leaveall message it resets its leaveall timer 77
- A garp messages and timers 77
- B operating mechanism of garp 77
- The settings of garp timers apply to all garp applications such as gvrp on a lan 77
- Unlike other three timers which are set on a port basis the leaveall timer is set in system view and takes effect globally 77
- C garp message format 78
- Figure 1 78
- Table 1 78
- Enable disable global gvrp 79
- Enable disable gvrp on a port 79
- Gvrp configuration list 79
- No gvrp 79
- Qtech config gvrp 79
- Add delete vlan that can be dynamic learnt by 80
- Display gvrp 80
- Display vlan that can be learnt by gvrp 80
- Brief introduction of qinq 81
- Examples for gvrp configuration 81
- Figure 1 81
- Introduction to qinq 81
- Qinq configuration 81
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 gvrp 81
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 no gvrp 81
- Adjustable tpid value of qinq frames 82
- Figure 2 82
- Implementations of qinq 82
- Note the qinq feature requires configurations only on the service provider network and not on the customer network 82
- Table 1 82
- Configure global qinq 83
- Configure qinq mode of interface 83
- Dtag flexible qinq outer tpid tpid 83
- No dtag 83
- Qinq configuration list 83
- Qtech config dtag outer tpid 9100 83
- Configure interface dynamic qinq 84
- Dtag insert startvlanid endvlanid targetvlanid 84
- Dtag mode customer service provider 84
- Dtag pass through startvlanid endvlanid 84
- Enable disable vlan swap 84
- No dtag insert startvlanid endvlanid 84
- No dtag pass through startvlanid endvlanid 84
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 dtag insert 1 2 3 84
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 dtag mode customer 84
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 dtag pass through 1 2 84
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 no dtag pass through 1 2 84
- Qtech config no dtag insert 1 2 3 84
- Configure global vlan swap 85
- Configure rewrite outer vlan 85
- Display dynamic qinq 85
- Display rewrite outer vlan 86
- Display vlan swap 86
- Qtech config show dtag 86
- Qtech config show dtag pass through 86
- Qtech config show rewrite outer vlan 86
- Qtech config show vlan swap 86
- Show dtag 86
- Show dtag pass through 86
- Show rewrite outer vlan 86
- Show vlan swap 86
- A ip multicast address 87
- Chapter 5 87
- Multicast address 87
- Multicast overview 87
- Multicast protocol configuration 87
- Table 1 1 range and description of class d ip addresses 87
- Like having reserved the private network segment 10 8 for unicast iana has also reserved the network segments ranging from 239 to 239 55 55 55 for multicast these are administratively scoped addresses with the administratively scoped addresses you can define the range of multicast domains flexibly to isolate ip addresses between 88
- Table 1 2 reserved ip multicast addresses 88
- B ethernet multicast mac address 89
- Different multicast domains so that the same multicast address can be used in different multicast domains without causing collisions 89
- Figure 1 5 mapping relationship between multicast ip address and multicast mac address 89
- Gmrp overview 89
- Caution enable global gmrp before enable gmrp on a port by default global gmrp deisables and gmrp on a port can be enabled in trunk mode interface 90
- Enable disable global gmrp 90
- Enable disable gmrp on a port 90
- Gmrp configuration 90
- Gmrp configuration list 90
- No gmrp 90
- Qtech config gmrp 90
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 3 gmrp 90
- Add delete multicast that can be dynamic learnt by 91
- Display gmrp 91
- Display multicast that can be learnt by gmrp 91
- A igmp snooping related ports 92
- Basic concepts in igmp snooping 92
- Figure 1 before and after igmp snooping is enabled on the layer 2 device 92
- Igmp snooping configuration 92
- Igmp snooping overview 92
- An igmp snooping enabled switch deems that all its ports on which igmp general queries with the source address other than 0 or pim hello messages are received to be router ports 93
- B port aging timers in igmp snooping and related messages and actions 93
- Figure 2 igmp snooping related ports 93
- Table 1 93
- Whenever mentioned in this document a router port is a port on the switch that leads the switch to a layer 3 multicast device rather than a port on a router 93
- A when receiving a general query 94
- B when receiving a membership report 94
- How igmp snooping works 94
- The port aging mechanism of igmp snooping works only for dynamic ports a static port will never age out 94
- A switch does not forward an igmp report through a non router port the reason is as follows due to the igmp report suppression mechanism if the switch forwards a report message through a member port all the attached hosts listening to the reported multicast address will suppress their own reports upon hearing this report and this will prevent the switch from knowing whether any hosts attached to that port are still active members of the reported multicast group 95
- C when receiving a leave group message 95
- Processing of multicast protocol messages 95
- Table 2 3 igmp snooping messages 97
- An igmp snooping enabled ethernet switch judges whether the multicast group exists when it receives an igmp leave packet sent by a host in a multicast group if this multicast group does not exist the switch will drop the igmp leave packet instead of forwarding it 98
- Caution 98
- Configuration 98
- Igmp snooping 98
- Igmp snooping configuration 98
- Igmp snooping host aging time 98
- Igmp snooping multicast interface aging time 98
- No igmp snooping 98
- Protocols and standards 98
- Qtech config show igmp snooping 98
- Show igmp snooping 98
- Allowed learning 99
- Configure the number of the multicast group 99
- Igmp snooping fast leave 99
- Igmp snooping group limit limit 99
- Igmp snooping interface fast leave configuration 99
- Igmp snooping max response time configuration 99
- Igmp snooping max response time seconds 99
- Igmp snooping permit deny group configuration 99
- Igmp snooping permit deny group group address 99
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 igmp snooping fast leave 99
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 igmp snooping group limit 10 99
- Qtech config igmp snooping host aging time 10 99
- Qtech config igmp snooping max response time 13 99
- Configure igmp snooping query interval 100
- Enable disable igmp snooping querier 100
- Igmp snooping deny permit group all 100
- Igmp snooping querier 100
- Igmp snooping query interval seconds 100
- Igmp snooping route port forward 100
- Igmp snooping route port forward configuration 100
- No igmp snooping querier 100
- No igmp snooping query interval 100
- No igmp snooping route port forward 100
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 igmp snooping deny group 01 00 5e 00 01 01 100
- Qtech config igmp snooping permit group all 100
- Qtech config igmp snooping querier 100
- Qtech config igmp snooping route port forward 100
- Configure igmp snooping querier vlan 101
- Configure igmp snooping query max response 101
- Configure igmp snooping query source ip 101
- Configure igmp snooping route port aging 101
- Add igmp snooping route port 102
- Brief introduction of static multicast 102
- Igmp snooping route port vlan vlanid interface port number 102
- Igmp snooping router port age 102
- No igmp snooping route port vlan vlanid interface port number 102
- No igmp snooping router port age 102
- Qtech config igmp snooping route port vlan 2 interface ethernet 0 1 102
- Static multicast configuration 102
- Add interfaces to multicast group 103
- Create multicast group 103
- Display multicast group information 103
- Brief introduction of cross vlan multicast 104
- Cross vlan multicast configuration 104
- Delete interface members from multicast group 104
- Delete multicast group 104
- No multicast mac address mac vlan vlan id 104
- No multicast mac address mac vlan vlan id interface all interface list 104
- Qtech config no multicast mac address 01 00 5e 01 02 03 vlan 1 104
- Qtech config no multicast mac address 01 00 5e 01 02 03 vlan 1 interface ethernet 0 5 ethernet 0 6 104
- Total entries 1 104
- Configure tag untag attribution of multicast packet 105
- Display cross vlan multicast 105
- Enable disable cross vlan multicast 105
- Transmission and vlan id of the tagged attribution 105
- Brief introduction of dhcp 106
- Caution 106
- Chapter 6 106
- Dhcp configuration 106
- Dhcp relay and snooping is worked only under ip managed vlan please see the section configure manage vlan 106
- Introduction to dhcp 106
- Dhcp ip address assignment 107
- Figure 1 1 typical dhcp application 107
- Ip address assignment policy 107
- Obtaining ip addresses dynamically 107
- Dhcp packet format 108
- The ip addresses offered by other dhcp servers if any are not used by the dhcp client and are still available to other clients 108
- Updating ip address lease 108
- Dhcp packet processing modes 109
- Figure 1 2 format of dhcp packets 109
- Dhcp relay agent 110
- Dhcp relay agent fundamentals 110
- Protocols and standards 110
- Usage of dhcp relay agent 110
- A introduction to option 82 supporting 111
- B primary terminologies 111
- Figure 3 1 typical dhcp relay agent application 111
- Option 82 supporting 111
- C related specification 112
- D mechanism of option 82 supporting on dhcp relay agent 112
- Request packets sent by a dhcp client fall into two categories dhcp discover packets and dhcp request packets as dhcp servers coming from different manufacturers process dhcp request packets in different ways that is some dhcp servers process option 82 in dhcp discover packets whereas the rest process option 82 in dhcp request packets a dhcp relay agent adds option 82 to both types of packets to accommodate to dhcp servers of different manufacturers 112
- Configure vlan interface 113
- Dhcp relay 113
- Dhcp relay configuration list 113
- Enable dhcp relay 113
- No dhcp relay 113
- Qtech config dhcp relay 113
- Qtech config if vlan dhcpserver ip ipadddress 113
- Qtech config if vlan interface ipaddress mask gateway 113
- Qtech config no dhcp relay 113
- Qtech config show dhcp relay 113
- Qtech config vlan vlannumber 113
- Show dhcp relay 113
- Dhcp snooping 114
- Figure 4 1 typical network diagram for dhcp snooping application 114
- Introduction to dhcp snooping 114
- Configuration dhcp snooping 115
- Configure max host number 115
- Configure trust ports 115
- Dhcp snooping 115
- Dhcp snooping max clients num 115
- Dhcp snooping trust 115
- Enable dhcp snooping 115
- Figure 4 2 interaction between a dhcp client and a dhcp server 115
- Arp configuration 117
- Arp configuration dynamic arp inspection 117
- Brief introduction of arp 117
- Chapter 7 117
- Display arp table item 117
- Anti flood 118
- Configure arp anti flood recover time 118
- Configure deny action and threshold of arp 118
- Enable disable arp anti flood attack 118
- Arp anti flood mac recover 119
- Bind blackhole mac generated by arp anti flood to be 119
- Display arp anti flood attack information 119
- General 119
- Arp anti spoofing unknown discard flood 120
- Configure unknown arp packet handling strategy 120
- Enable disable arp anti spoofing 120
- Display arp anti spoofing 121
- Enable disable arp anti spoofing deny disguiser 121
- Enable disable arp anti spoofing valid check 121
- Configure trust port of arp anti attack 122
- A ip acl depth first order 123
- Acl configuration 123
- Acl match order 123
- Acl overview 123
- Chapter 8 123
- A acls activated directly on the hardware 124
- Acls based on time ranges 124
- B acl referenced by the upper level modules 124
- B layer 2 acl depth first order 124
- Ways to apply acl on a switch 124
- Access list access list number match order config auto 125
- Acl support 125
- Configuring acl 125
- Matching order configuration 125
- A enter time range configuration mode 126
- Acl configuration 126
- Configuration list 126
- Configure time range 126
- Table 1 acl number restriction 126
- Time range time range name 126
- Standard acl 127
- Define extended acl 128
- Define layer 2 acl 129
- User defined acl 130
- Activate acl 131
- Monitor and maintanence of acl 131
- Show access list runtime statistic 132
- Brief introduction of qos 133
- Chapter 9 133
- Qos configuration 133
- Packet redirection configuration 135
- Priority configuration 135
- Qos configuration 135
- Qos configuration list 135
- And priority of ieee802 p protocol 136
- Queue scheduler configuration 136
- The cos map relationship of hardware priority queue 136
- Flow mirror configuration 137
- Flow statistic configuration 137
- Traffic rewrite vlan configuration 137
- Monitor and maintenance of qos 138
- Traffic insert vlan configuration 138
- Brief introduction of port isolation 139
- No port isolation interface list all 139
- Port isolation 139
- Port isolation configuration 139
- Port isolation interface list 139
- Qtech config no port isolation ethernet 0 3 to ethernet 0 5 ethernet 0 8 139
- Qtech config port isolation ethernet 0 1 ethernet 0 3 to ethernet 0 5 ethernet 0 8 139
- Show qos info traffic copy to cpu 139
- Show qos info traffic priority 139
- Show qos info traffic redirect 139
- Show qos info traffic statistic 139
- Show qos interface statistic 139
- Brief introduction of strom control 140
- No storm control broadcast multicast dlf 140
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 storm control multicast 140
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 storm control rate 2048 140
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 3 storm control multicast 5120 140
- Storm control broadcast multicast dlf 140
- Strom control 140
- Strom control configuration 140
- A why stp 141
- B protocol packets of stp 141
- Brief introduction of stp configuration 141
- C basic concepts in stp 141
- Chapter 10 141
- Designated bridge and designated port 141
- Introduction to stp 141
- Root bridge 141
- Root port 141
- Stp configuration 141
- D how stp works 142
- Figure 1 a schematic diagram of designated bridges and designated ports 142
- Note all the ports on the root bridge are designated ports 142
- Table 1 description of designated bridge and designated port 142
- For the convenience of description the description and examples below involve only four parts of a configuration bpdu root bridge id in the form of device priority root path cost designated bridge id in the form of device priority designated port id in the form of port name 143
- Specific computing process of the stp algorithm 143
- Principle for configuration bpdu comparison the configuration bpdu that has the lowest root bridge id has the highest priority if all the configuration bpdus have the same root bridge id they will be compared for their root path costs if the root path cost in a configuration bpdu plus the path cost corresponding to this port is s the configuration bpdu with the smallest s value has the highest priority if all configuration bpdu have the same root path cost they will be compared for their designated bridge ids then their designated port ids and then the ids of the ports on which they are received the smaller the id the higher message priority 144
- Table 2 selection of the optimum configuration bpdu 144
- Table 3 selection of the root port and designated ports 144
- Figure 2 network diagram for stp algorithm 145
- Table 4 initial state of each device 145
- When the network topology is stable only the root port and designated ports forward traffic while other ports are all in the blocked state they only receive stp packets but do not forward user traffic 145
- Table 5 comparison process and result on each device 146
- A v why mstp 148
- Disadvantages of stp and rstp 148
- Figure 3 the final computed spanning tree 148
- Introduction to mstp 148
- The bpdu forwarding mechanism in stp 148
- To facilitate description the spanning tree computing process in this example is simplified while the actual process is more complicated 148
- B vi some concepts in mstp 149
- Features of mstp 149
- In rstp a newly elected designated port can enter the forwarding state rapidly if this condition is met the designated port is an edge port or a port connected with a point to point link if the designated port is an edge port it can enter the forwarding state directly if the designated port is connected with a point to point link it can enter the forwarding state immediately after the device undergoes handshake with the downstream device and gets a response 149
- In rstp a newly elected root port can enter the forwarding state rapidly if this condition is met the old root port on the device has stopped forwarding data and the upstream designated port has started forwarding data 149
- Figure 4 basic concepts in mstp 150
- Mst region 150
- Vlan to instance mapping table 150
- Boundary port 151
- Common root bridge 151
- Currently the device is not capable of recognizing boundary ports when the device interworks with a third party s device that supports boundary port recognition the third party s device may malfunction in recognizing a boundary port 151
- Regional root bridge 151
- Roles of ports 151
- Alternate port backup port 152
- Designated port 152
- Figure 5 port roles 152
- Forwarding 152
- Port states 152
- Role role 152
- Root port master port 152
- Table 6 ports states supported by different port roles 152
- When in different mst instances a port can be in different states 152
- C vii how mstp works 153
- Cist computing 153
- D viii implementation of mstp on devices 153
- Discarding 153
- Learning 153
- Msti computing 153
- Protocols and standards 153
- Enable disable interface stp 154
- Enable disable stp 154
- No spanning tree 154
- Qtech config spanning tree 154
- Spanning tree 154
- Stp configuration 154
- Stp configuration list 154
- Caution if the priorities of all network bridge in switching network are the same choose the one with the smallest mac address to be the root if stp enables configuring network bridge may cause the re accounting of the stp by default the network bridge priority is 32768 and ranges from 0 to 65535 155
- Configure stp priority 155
- Configure switch forward delay 155
- No spanning tree 155
- No spanning tree forward time 155
- No spanning tree priority 155
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 no spanning tree 155
- Qtech config spanning tree forward time 20 155
- Qtech config spanning tree priority 30000 155
- Spanning tree forward time seconds 155
- Spanning tree priority bridge priority 155
- Caution max age is used to configure the longest aging interval of stp lose packet when overtiming the stp will be frequently accounts and take crowded network to be link fault if the value is too small if the value is too large the link fault cannot be known timely max age is determined by diameter of network and the default time of 20 seconds is suggested 2 hello time 1 max age 2 forwarddelay 1 156
- Configure hello time 156
- Configure max age 156
- Configure path cost of specified interfaces 156
- No spanning tree hello time 156
- No spanning tree max age 156
- Qtech config spanning tree hello time 5 156
- Qtech config spanning tree max age 10 156
- Spanning tree cost cost 156
- Spanning tree hello time seconds 156
- Spanning tree max age seconds 156
- 0 configure spanning tree root guard 157
- 1 configure interface to force to send rstp packet 157
- Configure stp priority od specified port 157
- No spanning tree cost 157
- No spanning tree port priority 157
- No spanning tree root guard 157
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree port priority 120 157
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree root guard 157
- Spanning tree mcheck 157
- Spanning tree port priority port priority 157
- Spanning tree root guard 157
- 2 configure link type of specified interface 158
- 3 configure the current port as an edge port 158
- 4 configure the speed limit of sending bpdu of 158
- No spanning tree portfast 158
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree mcheck 158
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree point to point forcetrue 158
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree portfast 158
- Spanning tree point to point auto 158
- Spanning tree point to point forcefalse 158
- Spanning tree point to point forcetrue 158
- Spanning tree portfast 158
- Spanning tree transit limit number 158
- Specified interface 158
- 5 stp monitor and maintainenance 159
- 6 enable disable stp remote loop detect 160
- A enable stp remote loop detect 160
- Brief introduction of mstp 160
- Mstp configuration 160
- Mstp configuration list 160
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 no spanning tree remote loop detect 160
- Qtech config spanning tree remote loop detect interface ethernet 0 1 160
- Received bpdu 4040 160
- Spanning tree remote loop detect 160
- Spanning tree remote loop detect interface 160
- Tcn 0 rst 4040 config bpdu 0 160
- Tcn 0 rst 9 config bpdu 0 160
- Configure mstp configuration mark 161
- Configure mstp timer parameter 161
- Qtech config spanning tree mst instance 5 vlan 2 7 161
- Qtech config spanning tree mst max hops 10 161
- Qtech config spanning tree mst name qtech 161
- Qtech config spanning tree mst revision 10 161
- Spanning tree mst forward time forward time 161
- Spanning tree mst hello time hello time 161
- Spanning tree mst instance instance num vlan vlan list 161
- Spanning tree mst max age max age 161
- Spanning tree mst max hops max hops 161
- Spanning tree mst name name 161
- Spanning tree mst revision revision level 161
- Configure mstp interface edge interface status 162
- Configure mstp interface link type 162
- Configure mstp interface path cost 162
- Configure mstp netbridge priority 162
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 spanning tree mst link type point to point forcefalse 162
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 spanning tree mst portfast 162
- Qtech config spanning tree mst instance 4 priority 4096 162
- Spanning tree mst instance instance num priority priority 162
- Spanning tree mst link type point to point forcetrue forcefalse auto 162
- Spanning tree mst portfast 162
- 0 display mstp configuration information 163
- Configure mstp interface priority 163
- Configure spanning tree mst root guard 163
- No spanning tree mst root guard 163
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree mst root guard 163
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 spanning tree mst external cost 10 163
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 spanning tree mst instance 1 cost 10 163
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 2 spanning tree mst instance 1 port priority 16 163
- Show spanning tree mst config id 163
- Spanning tree mst external cost cost 163
- Spanning tree mst instance instance num cost cost 163
- Spanning tree mst instance instance num port priority priority 163
- Spanning tree mst root guard 163
- 1 enable disable digest snooping 164
- 2 configure ignore of vlan 164
- No spanning tree mst config digest snooping 164
- No spanning tree mst ignored vlan vlan list 164
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 spanning tree mst config digest snooping 164
- Qtech config show spanning tree mst config id 164
- Qtech config show spanning tree mst instance 1 interface ethernet 0 2 164
- Qtech config spanning tree mst ignored vlan 10 20 30 164
- Show spanning tree mst ignored vlan 164
- Show spanning tree mst instance instance num interface interface list 164
- Spanning tree mst config digest snooping 164
- Spanning tree mst ignored vlan vlan list 164
- 802 x configuration 165
- Aaa configuration mode 165
- Brief introduction of 802 x configuration 165
- Chapter 11 165
- Qtech config aaa 165
- Radius server configuration 165
- X configuration command 165
- Qtech config aaa radius host red 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red client ip 192 68 00 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red no client ip 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red primary ip 192 68 00 1812 1813 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red second ip 192 68 00 1812 1813 166
- Qtech config aaa radius red secret key qtech 166
- Domain configuration 167
- Primserverip 0 primauthport 1812 primacctport 1813 167
- Qtech config aaa radius red no realtime account 167
- Qtech config aaa radius red realtime account interval 10 167
- Qtech config aaa radius red show radius host red 167
- Qtech config aaa radius red username format without domain 167
- Secretkey qtech usernameformat with domain 167
- Secserverip 0 secauthport 1812 secacctport 1813 167
- Servername red 167
- Total 1 item s printed 1 item s 167
- Access limit disabled 168
- Accessednum 0 168
- Domainname qtech 168
- Qtech config aaa default domain name enable red com 168
- Qtech config aaa domain red com 168
- Qtech config aaa red com 168
- Qtech config aaa red com access limit enable 100 168
- Qtech config aaa red com radius host red 168
- Qtech config aaa red com show domain 168
- Qtech config aaa red com state active 168
- Radiusservername 168
- State block 168
- There is no default domain 168
- Total 1 item s printed 1 item s 168
- 802 x configuration 169
- Dot1x 802 x daemon 169
- Dot1x eap finis 169
- Dot1x eap transfe 169
- No dot1 169
- Qtech config dot1x 169
- Qtech config dot1x eap finish 169
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 dot1x daemon time 20 169
- Qtech config show dot1x 169
- Show dot1 169
- Dot1x max user user num 170
- Dot1x port control auto forceauthorized forceunauthorized 170
- E0 5 forceauthorized disabled 3600 160 170
- Port ctrlmode reauth reauthperiod s maxhosts 170
- Qtech config dot1x user cut username aaa qtech com 170
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 dot1x max user 10 170
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 5 dot1x port control forceauthorized 170
- Qtech config show dot1x interface ethernet 0 5 170
- Total 26 item s printed 1 item s 170
- Brief introduction of sntp protocol 171
- Chapter 12 171
- Enable disable sntp client 171
- No sntp client 171
- Qtech config sntp client 171
- Sntp client 171
- Sntp client configuration 171
- Sntp client broadcast delay configuration 172
- Sntp client multicast ttl configuration 172
- Sntp client unicast server configuration 172
- Sntp client working mode configuration 172
- Sntp client poll interval configuration 173
- Sntp client retransmit configuration 173
- Sntp client valid server configuration 173
- Sntp client md5 authentication configuration 174
- Brief introduction of syslog 175
- Chapter 13 175
- Syslog configiration 175
- Enable disable syslog 176
- Logging 176
- Logging sequence numbers 176
- Logging timestamps notime uptime datetime 176
- No logging 176
- No logging sequence numbers 176
- No logging timestamps 176
- Qtech config logging 176
- Qtech config logging sequence numbers 176
- Qtech config logging timestamps datetime 176
- Syslog sequence number configuration 176
- Syslog terminal outputting configuration 176
- Syslog time stamps configuration 176
- Syslog logging buffered outputting configuration 177
- Syslog flash storage outputting configuration 178
- Syslog logging host outputting configuration 178
- Syslog snmp agent outputting configuration 179
- Module debug configuration 180
- Brief introduction of ssh 181
- Chapter 14 181
- Enable disable ssh function of the device 181
- No ssh 181
- Qtech config ssh 181
- Ssh configuration 181
- Ssh key configuration 181
- Others 182
- A lldp operating mode 184
- B sending lldpdus 184
- Brief introduction of lldp protocol 184
- C receiving lldpdus 184
- Chapter 15 184
- Introduction to lldp 184
- Lldp configuration 184
- Lldp overview 184
- Configure lldp hello time 185
- Enable disable global lldp 185
- Lldp configuration 185
- Lldp configuration list 185
- No lldp 185
- No lldp hello time 185
- Qtech config lldp 185
- Configuration 186
- Configure lldp hold time 186
- Display lldp information 186
- Interface lldp packet receiving sending mode 186
- Lldp rx tx rxtx 186
- No lldp 186
- No lldp hold time 186
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 lldp tx 186
- Qtech config lldp hello time 10 186
- Qtech config lldp hold time 2 186
- Basic concepts in errp 188
- Brief introduction of errp 188
- Chapter 16 188
- Errp command configuration 188
- Errp domain 188
- Errp overview 188
- Figure 1 errp networking diagram 188
- Control vlan and data vlan 189
- Errp ring 189
- Primary port and secondary port 189
- Common port and edge port 190
- In an errp domain a transit node learns the hello timer value and the fail timer value on the master node through the received health packets guaranteeing the consistency of two timer values across a ring 190
- In terms of functionality the difference between the primary port and the secondary port of a master node is 190
- In terms of functionality there is no difference between the primary port and the secondary port of the transit node both are designed for the transfer of protocol packets and data packets over an errp ring 190
- Multi domain intersection common port 190
- The fail timer value must be greater than or equal to 3 times of the hello timer value 190
- Timers 190
- Errp packets 191
- Single ring 191
- Table 1 errp packet types and their functions 191
- Typical errp networking 191
- Domain 1 192
- Domain 2 192
- Figure 2 single ring 192
- Figure 3 multi domain tangent rings 192
- Multi domain tangent rings 192
- Ring 1 192
- Ring 2 192
- Figure 6 multi domain intersecting rings 194
- How errp works 194
- Multi domain intersecting rings 194
- Polling mechanism 194
- Broadcast storm suppression mechanism in a 195
- Errp configuration 195
- Errp configuration list 195
- Link down alarm mechanism 195
- Multi homed subring in case of primary ring link failure 195
- Protocols and standards 195
- Ring recovery 195
- Configure control vlan of errp domain 196
- Configure errp timer 196
- Enter errp configuration mode 196
- Errp configuration 196
- Create errp ring 197
- Display errp domain and ring information 198
- Enable disable errp ring 198
- Qtech config errp ring 0 enable 198
- Qtech config errp ring 0 role master primary port ethernet 0 1 secondary port ethernet 0 2 level 0 198
- Qtech config show errp domain 0 ring 1 198
- Ring ring id enable disable 198
- Show errp domain domain id ring ring id 198
- Brief introduction of pppoe plus 199
- Chapter 17 199
- Enable disable pppoe plus 199
- No pppoeplus 199
- Pppoe plus configuration 199
- Pppoe plus configuration list 199
- Pppoeplus 199
- Configure pppoe plus type 200
- Basic concepts in connectivity fault detection 201
- Brief introduction of cfm 201
- Cfm configuration 201
- Chapter 18 201
- Connectivity fault management overview 201
- Maintenance association 201
- Maintenance domain 201
- Maintenance point 201
- Figure 1 outbound mep 202
- Figure 2 figure 2 inbound mep 202
- Figure 3 levels of mps 202
- A continuity check 203
- B loopback 203
- Basic functions of connectivity fault 203
- C linktrace 203
- Cfm configuration 203
- Cfm configuration list 203
- Management 203
- Protocols and standards 203
- Cfm domain domain name level level id 204
- Cfm mep level level id direction up down mpid mep id vlan vlan id 204
- Configure cfm domain 204
- Configure cfm mep level 204
- No cfm domain level level id 204
- No cfm mep level level id vlan vlan id 204
- Qtech config cfm domain customer level 7 204
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 cfm mep level 7 direction up mpid 7110 vlan 110 204
- Cfm cc interval 1 10 60 205
- Cfm mip level level id 205
- Cfm rmep level level id mpid mep id vlan vlan id 205
- Configure cfm cc interval 205
- Configure cfm mip level 205
- Configure remote cfm rmep level 205
- No cfm mip level level id 205
- No cfm rmep level level id mpid mep id vlan vlan id 205
- Qtech config cfm rmep level 7 mpid 7110 vlan 110 205
- Qtech config if ethernet 0 1 cfm mip level 7 205
- Cfm cc enable level level list vlan vlan list 206
- Cfm ping 206
- Cfm ping c count s packetsize t timeout mac level level id vlan vlan id 206
- Enable disable vlan sending cfm cc enable level 206
- No cfm cc enable level level list vlan vlan list 206
- No cfm cc interval 206
- Qtech config cfm cc interval 1 206
- 0 display cfm domain 207
- 1 display cfm maintenance points local 207
- Cfm traceroute 207
- Cfm traceroute f first_ttl h maximum_hops w time_out target mac level level id vlan vlan id 207
- Qtech cfm traceroute 00 1f ce 10 14 f1 level 4 vlan 110 207
- Qtech config show cfm domain 207
- Show cfm domain 207
- 2 display cfm maintenance points remote 208
- 3 display cfm cc database 208
- Qtech config show cfm cc database 208
- Qtech config show cfm maintenance points local 208
- Qtech config show cfm maintenance points remote 208
- Show cfm cc database 208
- Show cfm maintenance points local 208
- Show cfm maintenance points remote 208
- 4 display cfm errors 209
- Qtech config show cfm error 209
- Show cfm errors 209
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